Compiled By Charles McDowell
Comptia Certified Linux Networking Professional.
Cisco Certified Networking Technician.
“Talk is cheap. Show me the code.”
1. What is Linux?
Linux is an Open-Source Operating System based on Unix. Linux was first introduced by Linus Torvalds. The main purpose of Linux was to provide free and low-cost Operating System for users who could not afford Operating Systems like Windows or iOS or Unix.
Source : “https://www.linux.com/what-is-linux/”
2. What is the difference between Linux and Unix?
The main differences between Linux and UNIX are as follows:
Price: Both free distributions and paid distributions are available.Different levels of UNIX have a different cost structure
Target User: Everyone (Home user, Developer, etc.)Mainly Internet Server, Workstations, Mainframes.
File System Support: Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS.jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs,vxfs.
Graphic User Interface: KDE and Gnome Common Desktop Environment
Viruses listed: 60-10080-120
Bug Fix Speed: Faster because Linux is Community driven, Slow
Portability: Yes, No
Examples: Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, Kali Linux, Debian, Archlinux, Android, etc. OS X, Solaris, All Linux
Source : “ https://opensource.com/article/18/5/differences-between-linux-and-unix”
3. What is Linux Kernel? Is it legal to edit Linux Kernel?
Linux kernel refers to the low-level system software. It is used to manage resources and provide an interface for user interaction.
Yes, it is legal to edit Linux Kernel. Linux is released under the General Public License (General Public License). Any project released under GPL can be modified and edited by the end users.
Source : “ http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html”
4. What is LILO?
LILO stands for LInux LOader. LILO is a Linux Boot Loader that loads Linux Operating System into the main memory to begin execution. Most of the computers come with boot loaders for certain versions of Windows or Mac OS. So, when you want to use Linux OS, you need to install a special boot loader for it. LILO is one such boot loader.
When the computer is started, BIOS conducts some initial tests and transfers control to the Master Boot Record. From here, LILO loads the Linux OS and starts it.
The advantage of using LILO is that it allows fast boot of Linux OS.
Source : “ https://www.interserver.net/tips/kb/what-is-lilo/”
5. What are the basic components of Linux?
The basic components of Linux are:
Kernel: It is the core component of the Operating System that manages operations and hardware.
Shell: Shell is a Linux interpreter which is used to execute commands.
GUI: GUI stands for Graphical User Interface which is another way for a user to interact with the system. But unlike CLI, GUI consists of Images, Buttons, TextBoxes for interaction.
System Utilities: These are the software functions that allows the user to manage the computer.
Application Programs: Software programs or set of functions designed to accomplish a specific task.
Source : “ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_linux.htm”
6. Which are the Shells used in Linux?
The most common Shells used in Linux are
bash: Bourne Again Shell is the default for most of the Linux distributions
ksh: Korn Shell is a high-level programming language shell
csh: C Shell follows C like syntax and provides spelling correction and Job Control
zsh: Z Shell provides some unique features such as filename generation, startup files, login/logout watching, closing comments etc.
fish: Friendly Interactive Shell provides some special features like web-based configuration, auto-suggestions, fully scriptable with clean scripts
Source : “ https://www.tecmint.com/different-types-of-linux-shells/”
7. What is Swap Space?
Swap Space is the additional spaced used by Linux that temporarily holds concurrently running programs when the RAM does not have enough space to hold the programs. When you run a program, it resides on the RAM so that the processor can fetch data quickly. Suppose you are running more programs than the RAM can hold, then these running programs are stored in the Swap Space. The processor will now look for data in the RAM and the Swap Space.
Swap Space is used as an extension of RAM by Linux.
Source : “ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/swap-space-in-operating-system/”
8. What is the difference between BASH and DOS?
There are 3 main differences between BASH and DOS:
Sl. no.
BASH/DOS
1.Commands are case-sensitive.Commands are not case-sensitive.2.‘/’ (forward slash) is used as a directory separator.
” (backslash) is used as an escape character.
‘/’ (forward slash) is used as command argument delimiter.
” (backslash) is used as a directory separator.
3.Follows naming convention: 8 characters for file name postfixed with 3 characters for the extension.No naming convention.
Source : “ http://www.sqamanual.com/rss/linuxwhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenbashanddos”
9. What command would you use to check how much memory is being used by Linux?
You can use any of the following commands:
free -mvmstattophtop
Source : “ https://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-memory-usage/”
10. Explain file permission in Linux.
There are 3 kinds of permission in Linux:
Read: Allows a user to open and read the file
Write: Allows a user to open and modify the file
Execute: Allows a user to run the file.
You can change the permission of a file or a directory using the chmodcommand. There are two modes of using the chmod command:
Symbolic mode
Absolute mode
Symbolic mode
The general syntax to change permission using Symbolic mode is as follows:
$ chmod <target>(+/-/=)<permission> <filename>
where <permissions> can be r: read; w: write; x: execute.
<target> can be u : user; g: group; o: other; a: all
'+' is used for adding permission
'-' is used for removing permission
'=' is used for setting the permission
For example, if you want to set the permission such that the user can read, write, and execute it and members of your group can read and execute it, and others may only read it.
Then the command for this will be:
$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename
Absolute mode
The general syntax to change permission using Absolute mode is as follows:
$ chmod <permission> filename
The Absolute mode follows octal representation. The leftmost digit is for the user, the middle digit is for the user group and the rightmost digit is for all.
Below is the table that explains the meaning of the digits that can be used and their effect.
0No permission– – –1Execute permission– – x2Write permission– w –3Execute and write permission: 1 (execute) + 2 (write) = 3– wx4Read permissionr – –5Read and execute permission: 4 (read) + 1 (execute) = 5r – x6Read and write permission: 4 (read) + 2 (write) = 6rw –7All permissions: 4 (read) + 2 (write) + 1 (execute) = 7rwx
For example, if you want to set the permission such that the user can read, write, and execute it and members of your group can read and execute it, and others may only read it.
Then the command for this will be:
$ chmod 754 filename
11. What are inode and process id?
inode is the unique name given by the operating system to each file. Similarly, process id is the unique id given to each process.
12. Which are the Linux Directory Commands?
There are 5 main Directory Commands in Linux:
pwd: Displays the path of the present working directory.
Syntax: $ pwd
ls: Lists all the files and directories in the present working directory.
Syntax: $ ls
cd: Used to change the present working directory.
Syntax: $ cd <path to new directory>
mkdir: Creates a new directory
Syntax: $ mkdir <name (and path if required) of new directory>
rmdir: Deletes a directory
Syntax: $ rmdir <name (and path if required) of directory>
Source : “ https://www.guru99.com/file-permissions.html”
13. What is Virtual Desktop?
Virtual Desktop is a feature that allows users to use the desktop beyond the physical limits of the screen. Basically, Virtual Desktop creates a virtual screen to expand the limitation of the normal screen.
14. Which are the different modes of vi editor?
There are 3 modes of vi editor:
Regular/Command mode: Lets you view the content
Insertion/edit mode: Lets you delete or insert content
Replacement mode: Lets you overwrite content
Source : “ https://www.kencorner.com/vi-editor-commands-in-linux-ubuntu/”
15. What are daemons?
A daemon is a computer program that runs as a background process to provide functions that might not be available in the base Operating System. Daemons are usually used to run services in the background without directly being in control of interactive users. The purpose of Daemons are to handle periodic requests and then forward the requests to appropriate programs for execution.
Source : “ http://www.linfo.org/daemon.html”
16. What are the process states in Linux?
The process states are as follows:
Ready: The process is created and is ready to run
Running: The process is being executed
Blocked or wait: Process is waiting for input from the user
Terminated or Completed: Process completed execution, or was terminated by the Operating System
Zombie: Process terminated, but the information still exists in the process table.
Source : “ https://www.lazysystemadmin.com/2010/08/process-states-in-unix-and-linux.html?m=1”
17. Explain grep command.
Grep stands for Global Regular Expression Print. The grep command is used to search for a text in a file by pattern matching based on regular expression.
Syntax: grep [options] pattern [files]
Example:
$ grep -c "linux" interview.txt
This command will print the count of the word “linux” in the “interview.txt” file.
Source: “ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/grep-command-in-unixlinux/”
18. Explain Process Management System Calls in Linux
The System Calls to manage the process are:
fork () : Used to create a new process
exec() : Execute a new program
wait() : Wait until the process finishes execution
exit() : Exit from the process
And the System Calls used to get Process ID are:
getpid():- get the unique process id of the process
getppid():- get the parent process unique id
Source : “ http://linasm.sourceforge.net/docs/syscalls/process.php”
19. Explain the ‘ls’ command in Linux
The ls command is used to list the files in a specified directory. The general syntax is:
$ ls <options> <directory>
For example, if you want to list all the files in the Example directory, then the command will be as follows:
$ ls Example/
There are different options that can be used with the ls command. These options give additional information about the file/ folder. For example:
-l lists long format (shows the permissions of the file)-a lists all files including hidden files-i lists files with their inode number-s lists files with their size-S lists files with their size and sorts the list by file size-t sorts the listed files by time and date
Source : “ https://www.computerhope.com/unix/uls.htm”
20. Explain the redirection operator.
The redirection operator is used to redirect the output of a particular command as an input to another command or file.
There are two ways of using this:
‘>’ overwrites the existing content of the file or creates a new file.
‘>>’ appends the new content to the end of the file or creates a new file.
Suppose the content of the file is as follows:
Now when you use the ‘>’ redirection operator, the contents of the file are overwritten.
and when you use ‘>>’, the contents are appended:
Source : “ http://www.linfo.org/output_redirection_operator.html”
21. Why is the tar command used?
The tar command is used to extract or create an archived file.
Suppose you want to extract all the files from the archive named sample.tar.gz, then the command will be:
$ tar -xvzf sample.tar.gz
Suppose you want to create an archive of all the files stored in the path /home/linux/, then the command will be:
$ tar -cvzf filename.tar.gz
where c: create archive, x: extract, v: verbose, f: file
Source : “ https://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/”
22. What is a Latch?
A Latch is a temporary storage device controlled by timing signal which can either store 0 or 1. A Latch has two stable states (high-output or 1, and low-output or 0) and is mainly used to store state information. A Latch can store one bit of data as long as it is powered on.
23. What is a Microprocessor?
A Microprocessor is a device that executes instructions. It is a single-chip device that fetches the instruction from the memory, decodes it and executes it. A Microprocessor can carry out 3 basic functions:
Mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Move data from one memory location to another
Make decisions based on conditions and jump to new different instructions based on the decision.
Source : “ https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2874/microprocessor”
24. Explain Regular Expressions and Grep
Regular Expressions are used to search for data having a particular pattern. Some of the commands used with Regular Patterns are: tr, sed, vi and grep.
Some of the common symbols used in Regular Expressions are:
. Match any character^ Match the beginning of the String$ Match the end of the String* Match zero or more characters Represents special characters? Match exactly one character
Suppose the content of a file is as follows:
If you want to list the entries that start with the character ‘a’, then the command would be:
$ cat linux.txt | grep ^a
If you want to list the entries that start has the character ‘n’, then the command would be:
$ cat linux.txt | grep n
Source : “ http://www.robelle.com/smugbook/regexpr.html”
25. What is the minimum number of disk partitions required to install Linux?
The minimum number of partitions required is 2.
One partition is used as the local file system where all the files are stored. This includes files of the OS, files of applications and services, and files of the user. And the other partition is used as Swap Space which acts as an extended memory for RAM.
Source : “ https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DiskSpace”
26. How to copy a file in Linux?
You can use the cp command to copy a file in Linux. The general syntax is:
$ cp <source> <destination>
Suppose you want to copy a file named questions.txt from the directory /new/linux to /linux/interview, then the command will be:
$ cp questions.txt /new/linux /linux/interview
Source : ‘"https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/copy-command/”
27. How to terminate a running process in Linux?
Every process has a unique process id. To terminate the process, we first need to find the process id. The ps command will list all the running processes along with the process id. And then we use the kill command to terminate the process.
$ ps
Suppose the process id of the process you want to terminate is 3849, then you will have to terminate it like this:
$ kill 3849http://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0100.php”
Source = “
28. How to rename a file in Linux?
There is no specific command to rename a file in Linux. But you use the copy or move command to rename the file.
Using the Move command
$ mv <oldname> <newname>
Using the Copy command
$ cp <oldname> <newname>
And then delete the old file.
$ rm <oldname>https://www.maketecheasier.com/rename-files-in-linux/”
source : “
29. How to write the output of a command to a file?
You can use the redirection operator (>) to do this.
Syntax: $ (command) > (filename)
Source : “ https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/save-command-line-output-file-windows-mac-linux/”
30. How to see the list of mounted devices on Linux?
By running the following command:
$ mount -l
Source : “
31. How to find where a file is stored in Linux?
You can use the locate command to find the path to the file.
Suppose you want to find the locations of a file name sample.txt, then your command would be:
$ locate sample.txt
Source : “ https://alvinalexander.com/blog/post/linux-unix/use-linux-locate-command”
32. How to find the difference in two configuration files?
You can use the diff command for this:
$ diff abc.conf xyz.conf
Source : “ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/diff-command-linux-examples/”
33. Write a bash script to delete all the files in the current directory that contains the word “linux”.
for i in *linux*; do rm $i; done
Source : “ https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/use-a-for-loop-to-remove-file-in-unix/”
34. How would you create a text file without opening it?
The touch command can be used to create a text file without opening it. The touch command will create an empty file. The syntax is as follows:
$ touch <filename>
Suppose you want to create a file named sample.txt, then the command would be:
$ touch sample.txt
Source : “ http://www.linfo.org/touch.html”
35. How would you delete a directory in Linux?
There are two commands that can be used to delete a directory in Linux.
rmdir
$ rmdir <directory name>
rm -rf
$ rm -rf <directory name>
Note: The command rm -rf should be used carefully because it will delete all the data without any warnings.
Source : “ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/rmdir-command-in-linux-with-examples/”
36. How would you schedule a task in Linux?
There are two commands to schedule tasks in Linux: cron and at.
The cron command is used to repeatedly schedule a task at a specific time. The tasks are stored in a cron file and then executed using the cron command. The cron command reads the string from this file and schedules the task. The syntax for the string to enter in the cron file is as follows:
<minute> <hour> <day> <month> <weekday> <command>
Suppose you want to run a command at 4 pm every Sunday, then the string would be:
0 16 * * 0 <command>
The at command is used to schedule a task only once at the specified time.
Suppose you want to shut down the system at 6 pm today, then the command for this would be:
$ echo "shutdown now" | at -m 18:00
Source : “ https://opensource.com/article/17/11/how-use-cron-linux”
37. Suppose you try to delete a file using the rm command and the deletion fails. What could be the possible reason?
The path specified to the file or the file name mentioned might be wrong
The user trying to delete the file might not have permissions to delete the file.
Source : “ https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-linux-unix-delete-remove-file/”
38. How do you look at the contents of a file named sample.z?
The .z extension means that the file has been compressed. To look at the contents of the compressed file, you can use the zcat command. Example:
$ zcat sample.z
Source : “https://www.tecmint.com/linux-zcat-command-examples/”
39. How to copy files to a Floppy Disk safely?
Follow these steps to copy files to a Floppy Disk safely:
Mount the floppy disk
Copy the files
Unmount the floppy disk
If you don’t unmount the floppy disk, then the data might become corrupted.
Source : “ https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/how-to-copy-file-in-linux-to-floppy-disk-105107/”
40. How to identify which shell you are using?
Open the terminal and run:
$ echo $SHELL
This will print the name of the Shell being used.
Source: “ http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html”
41. How can you login to another system in your network from your system?
SSH can be used for this. The Syntax is as follows:
ssh <username>@<ip address>
Suppose you want to login into a system with IP address 192.168.5.5 as a user “mike”, then the command would be:
$ ssh mike@192.168.5.5
Source: “ https://www.ssh.com/ssh/command/”
42. How would you open a file in read-only mode using the vim editor?
$ vim -R <filename>
Source : “ https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-open-file-tab-in-vim-in-readonly-on-linuxunix/”
43. How would you search for a specific Employee ID in a file using the vim editor?
$ vim +/<employee id to be searched> <filename>
Source : “ https://linuxhandbook.com/basic-vim-commands/”
44. How to jump to a particular line in a file using vim editor?
$ vim +<line number> <filename>
Source : “ https://linuxhandbook.com/basic-vim-commands/”
45. How do you sort the entries in a text file in ascending order?
This can be done using the sort command.
Linux Administration Certification Training
Weekday / Weekend BatchesSee Batch Details
$ sort sample.txt
Source: “ https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/unix-sort-command/”
46. What is the export command used for?
The export command is used to set and reload the environment variables. For example, if you want to set the Java path, then the command would be:
$ export JAVA_HOME = /home/user/Java/bin
Source: “ https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/08/bash-shell-builtin-commands”
47. How do you check if a particular service in running?
$ service <servicename> status
Source : “ https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Service_command”
48. How do you check the status of all the services?
$ service --status-all
Source : “ https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Service_command”
49. How do you start and stop a service?
To start:
$ service <servicename> start
To stop:
$ service <servicename> start
Source : “ https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Service_command”
50. Explain the free command.
This command is used to display the free, used, swap memory available in the system.
Typical free command output. The output is displayed in bytes.
$ free
Source : “ https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-free-command/”